Irma Caceres Marcelo Fontecilla
The term resilience has its origins in the Latin language [1], the term means RESILIENCE come back, a jump, stand out, bounce [2].
The term was adapted to the social sciences to characterize those who, despite being born and living in high risk, healthy and successful psychological development (Rutter, 1993).
Here are some of the definitions from the field, several authors have developed around this concept:
- Ability to rise from adversity, adapt, recover and reach a meaningful life and productive. (ICCB, 1994)
- History of successful adaptations to the individual who has been exposed to biological risk factors or stressful life events, also implies the expectation of continuing with a low susceptibility to future stressors (Luthar and Zingles, 1991, Masten and Garmezy, 1985, Werner and Smith, 1982, Werner and Smith, 1992).
- Clash cash to events and circumstances of severe life stressors and cumulative (Lösel, Blieneser and Köferl in Brambing et al., 1989).
- universal human capacity to cope with life's adversities, overcome or even be transformed by them. Resilience is part of the evolutionary process and should be promoted from childhood (Grotberg, 1995).
- Resilience distinguishes two components: the resistance to destruction, that is, the ability to protect its own integrity under pressure, on the other hand, beyond endurance, the ability to build a vital conduit positive despite circumstances difficult (Vanistendael, 1994). According to him, the concept also includes the ability of an individual or social system to address adequately the challenges of a socially acceptable way.
- Resilience has been characterized as a set of social and intrapsychic processes that allow life to have a "healthy" living in half "insane." These processes take place over time, giving lucky combinations of attributes of the child and their family environment, social and cultural. Thus, resilience can not be thought of as an attribute with which children are born, and that children acquire during their development, but it would be an interactive process (Rutter, 1992) between them and their environment.
- Resilience refers to a combination of factors that allow a child to a man, face and overcome the trials and tribulations of life (Smith, 1995).
- generic concept that refers to a wide range of risk factors and outcomes of competition. You can be the result of a conjunction between environmental factors, such as temperament and a kind of cognitive ability that children have when they are very small (Osborn, 1993).
- Milgram and Palti (1993) define resilient children as those experiencing either [cope well] though environmental stressors to which they are subjected in their most formative years of his life.
Concepts related to the resilience
Distinction between the concepts of resilience and invulnerability
During the 70's became popular the concept of the child "invulnerable", which referred to some children who seemed constitutionally so strong that not bowed to the pressures of stress and adversity. However, this concept was confusing and, as stated by Rutter (1985), mistaken for at least three reasons: resistance to stress is relative, not absolute, as it is not stable over time and varies according to the stage of development of children and the quality of the stimulus. The roots of resistance from both the environment and of the Constitution, the degree of resistance is not stable, but varies over time and according to circumstances. For these reasons, at present the preferred concept of resilience.
While in the early publications relating to resilience, they tended to use this concept as equivalent to that of invulnerability, a later age were established clear distinctions between them, leaving the concept of invulnerability rather in the field of psychopathology. Essential
is also on this plane, know the meaning of the term vulnerability, as it is a basic characteristic for the gestation of resilient behavior, this concept will be discussed later.
The concept of competence
According to Luthar (1993), it is common that studies are focused on resilience the ability of social competence, under the assumption that it reflects underlying good coping skills. However, recent studies show people that although they behave competently in situations of high risk, can both be vulnerable to physical or mental problems (Werner & Smith, 1982, 1992, Luthar, 1993). Examples of this are the studies of Radke-Yarrow and Sherman (1990) that account for a group of children who present with high vulnerability to stress, showed a positive confrontation.
According to Sameroff and Seifer (1990), conceptual models that are the basis of competition trying, unlike those based in the disease, explain the nature and causes of successful developments [Developmental Successful outcomes]. These authors note that the conceptual models used tend to be behavioral in nature [behavioral], while that hardly emphasize the underlying biological processes. The approach these authors note, is gaining increasing interest, particularly in research that examines the processes that are the basis for development, for example, in areas in which we work around the problem-solving ability (Masten et al., 1978 in Sameroff and Seifer, 1990).
appearance just mentioned is of particular interest, shows that both studies are based on the model of competition are well articulated, as they analyze what are the characteristics that identify the reciprocal influences that occur between individual and social systems, which are those that promote proper development in children and girls.
Using this analytical model can identify multiple relevant domains of functioning in each of the children [Within individual children]. This multiplicity of domains is it possible to explain the individual differences that are seen in the patterns of competition. They have been able to capture types of interactions that occur between parents and children, as well as the context in which they manifest.
A different approach to find an explanation for the competition, is to try to find specific factors that would account for the successful development of people which predicted poor outcomes as a result of being subjected to high-risk situations. Authors and Garmezy (1990), have used the approach just described, and based on it have studied the issues of resistance to stress, invulnerability and resilience.
The concept of robustness [hardiness]
The concept of robustness, which according Levav (1995) could be considered akin to resilience, has been defined as a personality trait that some people act as reinforcing the resistance to stress. Robustness has been defined as a combination of personal traits that are adaptive nature, and include the sense of commitment, challenge and opportunity, and that would manifest themselves in difficult times. It also includes the feeling that some people from being able to exercise control over their own circumstances. Kobasa (1979, in Roth, 1989) describes evidence for people who have shown few signs of illness, despite having been subjected to situations that cause stress. Indicates that they have greater numbers of behaviors committed, enhanced internal control and challenge, when compared with their peers who often become stressed and sick, as a result, more repeatedly.
Other authors in this same area, indicate that the measurements were carried out to assess the robustness of the capacity of people, it has focused on the absence of symptoms of psychological maladjustment, rather than to analyze personality traits positive (Houston, 1987). The latter author notes that the robustness may not have a direct impact on health, but it may be rather indirect practices primarily affecting life, the latter being that in turn affect health in a positive direction.
in the same direction, Kobasa et al. (1982, in Roth et al., 1989) argue that the strength capacity of people has an important influence on the subjective interpretation they give to the events of his life.
Finally, Contrada (1989) argues that individual differences observed in the ability to react to stimuli or stressors are significant, they are a demonstration of the influences exerted by both constitutional factors such as environmental and interaction between these factors.
[1] Dictionary Latín-Español/Español-Latín basic. Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1982.
[2] The Hispanic Encyclopedia defines resilience as the "resistance of a body to the ultimate blow. The fragility of a body decreases with increasing resilience. "Resilience in English and French used in the field of civil engineering only to describe the ability of a material to recover its original shape after being subjected to a deforming pressure. The English definition of the term resilience is the tendency to revert to an original or having resilience [to rebound / recoil / to spring back]. In North America is defined as property that has a mechanical part to bend under a load and return to its original position when it no longer works (Salvat Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 1964).
(CENTRE FOR STUDIES AND CARE OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN - CEANI M. Text Chapter 2 STATE OF THE ART IN RESILIENCE - preliminary paper. Work requested by the Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, July, 1996.)
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